Henry married Boleyn in 1533 but Clement VII declared the union invalid and
five years later the King was excommunicated by Clement’s successor, Paul
III.
The confrontation led to a split with the Catholic Church and the start of the
English Reformation.
The elaborate letter was consigned to the Secret Archives, in a palazzo at the
heart of the Vatican City State, but mysteriously went missing in the late
19th century.
It was rediscovered in 1926 – hidden in a small chest beneath a wooden chair.
One of the largest and most unusual documents in the exhibition, in Rome’s
Capitoline Museums, is a 180ft-long parchment scroll from the trials of the
Knights Templar in Paris in 1309-1311.
It contains the depositions of 231 knights from the order of warrior monks,
who were accused by the Church and King Philip IV ‘the Fair’ of France of
heresy, idolatry and sodomy.
The latter charge was based on accusations of sexual “obscenities”, including
the claim that they forced novices to give and receive kisses on the
backside during secret initiation rites.
More than 50 knights were executed and Pope Clement V dissolved the order by
apostolic decree in 1312.
Many of the documents are written in ornate Latin script but there are other
languages too, including Arabic, Persian and Chippewa – the language of a
Native American tribe that wrote to the Vatican on a piece of birch bark in
the 19th century.
The collection includes the world’s oldest document written in Mongolian – an
order made in 1279 by a khan to give safe conduct to a group of papal
ambassadors returning to Europe.
A complicated secret writing code used by a 15th century Pope to send messages
to Vatican diplomats, or nuncios, in potentially hostile countries is also
in the exhibition.
It consists of a table in which the letters of the alphabet, as well as
commonly used words and phrases, can be translated into a cryptic code of
dots, squiggles, symbols and numbers.
A parchment register contains Pope John XXII’s official recognition in 1318 of
Cambridge University as a place of learning and confers on its graduates the
right to teach anywhere – “ius ubique docendi” in Latin.
A hefty tome records the establishment of the Swiss Guard in 1505, after Pope
Julius II asked the Confederation of Swiss Cantons to grant him 200 infantry
soldiers to protect himself and the Vatican.
The Crusades also feature – in 1202 Pope Innocent III was so horrified by the
slaughter carried out by Crusaders in the besieged town of Zara that he
ordered every member of the expedition to be excommunicated.
The exhibition commemorates the 400th anniversary of the founding of the
Vatican Secret Archives in its present form – it was established in 1612 by
Pope Paul V.
It originally consisted of just three rooms, but is now a vast repository of
dusty leather-bound documents that line more than 55 miles of shelves.
“The size of the archives has grown more than 400 fold,” said Monsignor Sergio
Pagano, the Prefect of the Secret Archives.
He said the aim of the exhibition was to “shed light on this ancient
institution” and dispel some of the mystery of the archives.
“For the first time ever, this exhibition is giving a wider public a chance to
see the reality of the Vatican Secret Archives by viewing some of its most
precious documents.”
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