John Money’s psychohormonal Group at John’s Hopkins, Boston, MA
Money trained in Boston and was intrigued by the opportunity to study patients with various disorders of sexual differentiation. Then-called hermaphrodites or pseudo-hermaphrodites.Johns Hopkins was the epicenter of patient care for such individuals since the understanding of steroid biochemistry as it applied to human fetal development came from the clinical studies done. There in our country’s first pediatric endocrine department.How cortisal is made Offshoots of causes for sex perceptions
Only 10-12 patients were studied
Pretreatment and Post TreatmentTransexual Program
1. Patients who believed they were born in the wrong body were recruited
2. Cross-dressed for two years
3. Cross Sex Hormones administered
4. Surgical procedures to alter genitalia were developed. They were modified from adults, to perform on children, infants, toddlers!
Don-trella, pt MTF – this patient became a hooker!
Money’s Scientific Protocols
1. I have an idea
2. Let’s do this to the patient and see how it comes out
a. Medical castration of sex offenders
b. Directed interviews with pediatric patients
i. Teaching boys with “precotious puberty” how to masterbate
1. They got a boy to masterbate 6 times a day. Encouraging a PERVERTED LIFESTYLE
c. The Tragic Case of the newborn boy with an AMPUTATED (ABLATED) PENIS – surgeon, who performed circumcision on the twin, said he made a mistake with the second child!
i. This gave them opportunity to see how parents will cooperate – raising him as a girl. They completely removed his genitalia and was sent home, forced to live like a girl.
ii. HE COMMITTED SUICIDE WHEN HE WAS A TEENAGER!
Another of John Money’s Experiments?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchFor the Canadian politician, see David J. Reimer. For the American diplomat, see David Dale Reimer.
David Reimer | |
---|---|
Born | Bruce Peter Reimer 22 August 1965 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |
Died | 4 May 2004 (aged 38) Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada |
Cause of death | Suicide by gunshot |
Resting place | St. Vital Cemetery, Winnipeg |
Other names | Brenda ReimerBruce Reimer |
Spouse(s) | Jane Fontane (m. 1990) |
Parent(s) | Ron ReimerJanet Reimer[1] |
Relatives | Brian Henry Reimer (identical twin) |
David Reimer (born Bruce Peter Reimer; 22 August 1965 – 4 May 2004) was a Canadian man born male but reassigned female and raised as a girl following medical advice and intervention after his penis was severely injured during a botched circumcision in infancy.[2]
The psychologist John Money oversaw the case and reported the reassignment as successful and as evidence that gender identity is primarily learned. The academic sexologist Milton Diamond later reported that Reimer’s realization that he was not a girl crystallized between the ages of 9 and 11 years[3] and he transitioned to living as a male at age 15. Well known in medical circles for years anonymously as the “John/Joan” case, Reimer later went public with his story to help discourage similar medical practices. He killed himself after suffering severe depression.[4]
1970 – transexuall clinic at Johns Hopkins established
1984 – transsexual clinic at Johns Hopkins CLOSED
Contents
Infancy[edit]
David Reimer was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, on August 22, 1965, the elder of identical twin boys.[5] He was originally named Bruce, and his identical twin was named Brian.[6] Their parents were Janet and Ron Reimer, a couple of Mennonite descent who had married the previous December.[6] At the age of six months, after concern was raised about how both of them urinated, the boys were diagnosed with phimosis.[7] They were referred for circumcision at the age of seven months. General practitioner Dr. Jean-Marie Huot performed the operation[citation needed] using the unconventional method of electrocauterization,[8][9] but the procedure did not go as doctors had planned, and David’s penis was burned beyond surgical repair.[10] The doctors chose not to operate on Brian, whose phimosis soon cleared without surgical intervention.[11]
The parents, concerned about their son’s prospects for future happiness and sexual function without a penis, took him to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore in early 1967 to see John Money,[12] a psychologist who was developing a reputation as a pioneer in the field of sexual development and gender identity, based on his work with intersex patients.[13] Money was a prominent proponent of the “theory of gender neutrality”—that gender identity developed primarily as a result of social learning from early childhood and that it could be changed with the appropriate behavioural interventions.[14] The Reimers had seen Money being interviewed in February 1967 on the Canadian news program This Hour Has Seven Days, during which he discussed his theories about gender.[15]
Money and physicians working with young children born with intersex conditions believed that a penis could not be replaced but that a functional vagina could be constructed surgically.[9] Money also claimed that Reimer would be more likely to achieve successful, functional sexual maturation as a girl than as a boy.[16][page needed][failed verification] For Money, a case where identical twin boys were involved where one could be raised as a girl provided a perfect test of his theories.[17][18]
Money and the Hopkins team persuaded the baby’s parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer’s best interest.[19] At the age of 22 months, David underwent a bilateral orchidectomy, in which his testes were surgically removed and a rudimentary vulva was fashioned.[20] David was reassigned to be raised as female and given the name Brenda (similar to his birth name, “Bruce”).[21] Psychological support for the reassignment and surgery was provided by[22] John Money, who continued to see Reimer annually[23] for consultations and to assess the outcome.[24] This reassignment was considered an especially important test case[25] of the social learning concept of gender identity for two reasons: first, Reimer’s identical twin brother, Brian, made an ideal control because the brothers shared genes, family environments, and the intrauterine environment; second, this was reputed to be the second reassignment and reconstruction performed on a male infant who had no abnormality of prenatal or early postnatal sexual differentiation.
Later childhood and adolescence[edit]
Reimer said that Money forced the twins to rehearse sexual acts involving “thrusting movements”, with David playing the bottom role. Reimer said that, as a child, he had to get “down on all fours” with his brother, Brian Reimer, “up behind his butt” with “his crotch against” his “buttocks”. Reimer said that Money forced David, in another sexual position, to have his “legs spread” with Brian on top. Reimer said that Money also forced the children to take their “clothes off” and engage in “genital inspections”. On “at least one occasion”, Reimer said that Money took a photograph of the two children doing these activities. Money’s rationale for these various treatments was his belief that “childhood ‘sexual rehearsal play’” was important for a “healthy adult gender identity”.[16][page needed] Estrogen was given to David during adolescence, inducing breast development.[26]
For several years, Money reported on Reimer’s progress as the “John/Joan case”. Money wrote, “The child’s behavior is so clearly that of an active little girl and so different from the boyish ways of her twin brother.”[27] Notes by a former student at Money’s lab state that, during the follow-up visits, which occurred only once a year, Reimer’s parents routinely lied to lab staff about the success of the procedure. The twin brother, Brian, later developed schizophrenia.[18]
The twins attended Glenwood School in Winnipeg, with David then attending R.B. Russell Vocational School, from the age of 14. He eventually ceased attending the school and was tutored privately.[28]
Adulthood[edit]
By the age of 13 years, Reimer was experiencing suicidal depression and he told his parents he would take his own life if they made him see Money again.[29] Finally, on March 14, 1980, Reimer’s parents told him the truth about his gender reassignment,[30] following advice from Reimer’s endocrinologist and psychiatrist. At 14, having been informed of his past by his father, Reimer decided to assume a male gender identity, calling himself David. He underwent treatment to reverse the reassignment, including testosterone injections, a double mastectomy, and phalloplasty operations.[31][32]
Reimer worked in a slaughterhouse and then worked doing odd-jobs.[33][34] On September 22, 1990, he married Jane Fontane and would adopt her three children.[35][36] His hobbies included camping, fishing, antiques and collecting old coins.[37]
His case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to Milton Diamond, an academic sexologist who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly.[3] Soon after, Reimer went public with his story and John Colapinto published a widely disseminated and influential account[38] in Rolling Stone magazine in December 1997.[39] The article won the National Magazine Award for Reporting.[40]
This was later expanded into The New York Times best-selling biography As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (2000),[41] in which Colapinto described how—contrary to Money’s reports—when living as Brenda, Reimer did not identify as a girl. He was ostracized and bullied by peers (who dubbed him “cavewoman”),[9][42] and neither frilly dresses,[43] nor female hormones made him feel female.
In addition to his difficult lifelong relationship with his parents, Reimer had to deal with unemployment and the death of his brother Brian from an overdose of antidepressants on July 1, 2002. On May 2, 2004, his wife Jane told him she wanted to separate. On the morning of May 4, 2004, Reimer drove to a grocery store’s parking lot in his hometown of Winnipeg[44] and took his own life by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun.[45] He was 38 years old.[4] He was buried in St. Vital Cemetery in Winnipeg.[46]
For the first thirty years after Money’s initial report that the reassignment had been a success, Money’s view of the malleability of gender became the dominant viewpoint among physicians and doctors, reassuring them that sexual reassignment was the correct decision in certain instances, resulting in thousands of sexual reassignments.[47]
Comment: Money lied about this success as Reimer Eventually committed suicide after his marriage broke up and his twin overdosed on antidepressants. These evil doctors destroyed many lives definitely destroying the lives of these twins.
The report and subsequent book about Reimer influenced several medical practices, reputations, and even current understanding of the biology of gender. The case accelerated the decline of sex reassignment and surgery for unambiguous XY infants with micropenis, various other rare congenital malformations, or penile loss in infancy.[47]John Colapinto‘s biography of Reimer became a New York Times bestseller.
Colapinto’s book described unpleasant childhood therapy sessions, implying that Money had ignored or concealed the developing evidence that Reimer’s reassignment to female was not going well. Money’s defenders have suggested that some of the allegations about the therapy sessions may have been the result of false memory syndrome and that the family was not honest with researchers.[48]
The case has also been treated by Judith Butler in her 2004 book Undoing Gender,[49] which examines gender, sex, psychoanalysis, and the medical treatment of intersex people.
Documentaries[edit]
The BBC science series Horizon based two episodes on his life. “The Boy Who Was Turned into a Girl” aired in 2000 and “Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis” in 2004.[17][18]
A 2001 episode of the PBS documentary series Nova entitled “Sex: Unknown” investigated David’s life and the science behind the decision to raise him as female.[50][51]
He was also mentioned in the 2017 documentary Gender Revolution: A Journey with Katie Couric.
An episode of BBC Radio 4 Mind Changers, Case Study: John/Joan – The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl, discusses the impact on two competing psychological theories of nature vs. nurture.[52]
In popular culture[edit]
The Chicago Hope episode “Boys Will Be Girls” (2000) was based on Reimer’s life. The episode explored the theme of a child’s right not to undergo sexual reassignment surgery without consent.[53] The Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode “Identity” (2005) was based on David and Brian Reimer’s lives and their treatment by Money.[53]
“Hymn of the Medical Oddity”, a song by the Winnipeg-based indie rock band The Weakerthans, is about Reimer.[1][54] The Ensemble Studio Theatre produced the play Boy (2016) inspired by Reimer’s story.[55]
See also[edit]
THE EVIL PSYCHOLOGIST CAUSING SUICIDES AND DESTROYING HIS PATIENTS PSYCHOLOGICALLY IS NEVER DISCIPLINED.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchFor the aeronaut, see John Money (aeronaut).
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John William Money (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand American psychologist, sexologist and author specializing in research into sexual identity and biology of gender. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of “gender” on individual formation of gender identity. Money introduced the terms gender identity, gender role and sexual orientation and popularised the term paraphilia.[1][2]
Recent academic studies have criticized Money’s work in many respects, particularly in regard to his involvement with the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child David Reimer,[3] his forcing this child and his brother to simulate sex acts which Money photographed[4] and the adult suicides of both brothers.[4]
Money’s writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. He received around 65 honors, awards and degrees in his lifetime.[1] He was also a patron of many famous New Zealand artists, such as Rita Angus and Theo Schoon.
Contents
Biography[edit]
Money was born in Morrinsville, New Zealand, to a family of English and Welsh descent.[5] He attended Hutt Valley High School[6] and initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington,[7] graduating with a double master’s degree in psychology and education in 1944.[8]
Money was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin. Author Janet Frame attended some of Money’s classes at the University of Otago as part of her teacher training. In October 1945, after Frame wrote an essay mentioning her thoughts of suicide,[9] John Money facilitated Frame’s committal to the psychiatric ward at Dunedin Public Hospital, leading to eight years in psychiatric institutions.[10] In Frame’s autobiography, An Angel At My Table, Money is referred to as John Forrest.[9]
In 1947, at the age of 26, he emigrated to the United States to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the University of Pittsburgh. He left Pittsburgh and earned his PhD from Harvard University in 1952. He was married briefly in the 1950s but had no children.
Money proposed and developed several theories and related terminology, including gender identity, gender role,[11] gender-identity/role and lovemap. He popularized the term paraphilia (appearing in the DSM-III, which would later replace perversions) and introduced the term sexual orientation in place of sexual preference, arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice.[1][2]
Money was a professor of pediatrics and medical psychology at Johns Hopkins University from 1951 until his death. He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in 1965 along with Claude Migeon who was the head of pediatric endocrinology at Johns Hopkins. The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in 1966.[12] At Johns Hopkins, Money was also involved with the Sexual Behaviors Unit, which ran studies on sex-reassignment surgery. He received the Magnus Hirschfeld Medal in 2002 from the German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research.
Money was also an early supporter of New Zealand’s arts, both literary and visual. In 2002, as his Parkinson’s disease worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the Eastern Southland Art Gallery in Gore, New Zealand.[13] In 2003, the New Zealand Prime Minister, Helen Clark, opened the John Money wing at the Eastern Southland Gallery.[14]
Money died 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in Towson, Maryland,[15] of complications from Parkinson’s disease.[16]
Sexological books[edit]
Money was the co-editor of a 1969 book “Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment”, which helped bring more acceptance to sexual reassignment surgery and transgender individuals.
Sexual identity, gender identity and gender roles[edit]
Further information: Sexual identity, Gender identity, and Gender role
Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the 1950s, many of them as a result of his studies of Hermaphroditism.
Money’s definition of gender is based on his understanding of sex differences among human beings. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. However, there are other sex-derivative differences that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy.
These differences involve the way urine is expelled from the human body and other questions of sexual dimorphism. According to Money’s theory, sex-adjunctive differences are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while nursing infants. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting.
Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional: for example, color selection (baby blue for boys, pink for girls). Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women.
Finally, Money created the now-common term gender role which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology sex role. This grew out of his studies of hermaphrodites. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term “gender role” including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females.
In his studies of hermaphrodites, Money found that there are six variables that define sex. While in the average person all six would line up unequivocally as either all “male” or “female”, in hermaphrodites any one or more than one of these could be inconsistent with the others, leading to various kinds of anomalies. In his seminal 1955 paper he defined these factors as:[17]
- assigned sex and sex of rearing
- external genital morphology
- internal reproductive structures
- hormonal and secondary sex characteristics
- gonadal sex
- chromosomal sex
and added,
“Patients showing various combinations and permutations of these six sexual variables may be appraised with respect to a seventh variable: 7. Gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up.”[17]
He then defined gender role as
“all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor; play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices, and, finally, the person’s own replies to direct inquiry.”[17]
Money made the concept of gender a broader, more inclusive concept than one of masculine/feminine. For him, gender included not only one’s status as a man or a woman, but was also a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one’s genitalia but also on the basis of somatic and behavioral criteria that go beyond genital differences.
In 1972, Money presented his theories in Man & Woman, Boy & Girl, a college-level, mainstream textbook. The book featured David Reimer (see below) as an example of gender reassignment.
Gay, Straight and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation[edit]
In this book, Money develops a conception of “bodymind“.[18] “Bodymind” is a way for scientists, in developing a science about sexuality, to move on from the platitudes of dichotomy between nature versus nurture, innate versus the acquired, biological versus the social, and psychological versus the physiological. He suggests that all of these capitalize on the ancient, pre-Platonic, pre-biblical conception of body versus the mind, and the physical versus the spiritual. In coining the term “bodymind”, in this sense, Money wishes to move beyond these very ingrained principles of our folk or vernacular psychology.
Money also develops a view of “Concepts of Determinism” which, transcultural, transhistorical, and universal, all people have in common, sexologically or otherwise.[19] These include pairbondage, troopbondage, abidance, ycleptance, foredoomance, with these coping strategies: adhibition (engagement), inhibition, explication.
Money suggests that the concept of “threshold”[20] – the release or inhibition of sexual (or other) behavior – is most useful for sex research as a substitute for any concept of motivation. Moreover, it confers the distinct advantage of having continuity and unity to what would otherwise be a highly disparate and varied field of research. It also allows for the classification of sexual behavior. For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. “It allows one to think developmentally or longitudinally, in terms of stages or experiences that are programmed serially, or hierarchically, or cybernetically (i.e. regulated by mutual feedback).”[18]
Controversies[edit]
Sex reassignment of David Reimer[edit]
Main article: David Reimer
During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially known for his views that gender was learned rather than innate. However, it was later revealed that his most famous case of David Reimer was fundamentally flawed.[21] In 1966, a botched circumcision left eight-month-old Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby’s parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer’s best interest. At the age of 22 months, Reimer underwent an orchiectomy, in which his testicles were surgically removed. He was reassigned to be raised as female and given the name Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment, to which the parents agreed. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful.
During subsequent appointments with Reimer and Reimer’s twin brother Brian, Money forced the two to rehearse sexual acts, with David playing the bottom role as his brother “[pressed] his crotch against” David’s buttocks. Money also forced the two children to strip for “genital inspections”, occasionally taking photos. Money justified these acts by claiming that “childhood ‘sexual rehearsal play’” was important for a “healthy adult gender identity”.[4]
For several years, Money reported on Reimer’s progress as the “John/Joan case”, describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of sex reassignment and surgical reconstruction even in non-intersex cases. Notes by a former student at Money’s laboratory state that, during the yearly follow-up visits, Reimer’s parents routinely lied to staff about the success of the procedure. Reimer’s twin brother, Brian, later developed schizophrenia.[22]David Reimer as ‘Brenda’, seen on the cover of As Nature Made Him by John Colapinto.
David Reimer’s case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to Milton Diamond, an academic sexologist, who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly.[23] Soon after, Reimer went public with his story, and John Colapinto published a widely disseminated and influential account in Rolling Stone magazine in December 1997.[24] This was later expanded into The New York Times best-selling biography As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (2000),[25] in which Colapinto described how—contrary to Money’s reports—when living as Brenda, Reimer did not identify as a girl. He was ostracized and bullied by peers (who dubbed him “cavewoman”),[26][27] and neither frilly dresses,[28] nor female hormones made him feel female.
On July 1, 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. On May 4, 2004, after suffering years of severe depression, financial instability, and marital troubles,[29] David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at the age of 38. Reimer’s parents have stated that Money’s methodology was responsible for the deaths of both of their sons.[30]
Money argued that media response to the exposé was due to right-wing media bias and “the antifeminist movement.” He said his detractors believed “masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen”.[31] However, intersex activists also criticized Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy.[32] Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it.[33] Money’s own views also developed and changed over the years.[3][clarification needed]
Pedophilia opinions[edit]
John Money was critical in debates on chronophilias, especially pedophilia.[34] He stated that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional pedophilia and sadistic pedophilia. Money asserted that affectional pedophilia was about love and not sex.
If I were to see the case of a boy aged ten or eleven who’s intensely erotically attracted toward a man in his twenties or thirties, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual … then I would not call it pathological in any way.[35][36]
Money held the view that affectional pedophilia is caused by a surplus of parental love that became erotic, and is not a behavioral disorder. Rather, he took the position that heterosexuality is another example of a societal and therefore superficial, ideological concept.[35][36]
- Money, John. (1952). Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox. Thesis (Ph.D.), Harvard University.
- Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. (1975). Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman. Little Brown & Co: ISBN 0-316-57825-8
- Money, John. (1986). Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity. New York: Irvington. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
- Money, John. (1988) Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505407-5
- Money, John. (1989). Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology. Prometheus Books: ISBN 0-87975-513-X
- Money, John. (1994). Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families , 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55766-150-2
- Money, John. (1995). Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History. New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-0852-4
- Money, John, and Anke Ehrhardt. (1996). Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson. Originally published: 1972 ISBN 0-8018-1406-5
- Money, John. (1999). The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement. Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-1203-3
See also[edit]
- Comprachicos
- Intersexion – the impact of Money’s theories on the treatment of intersex people is featured in this documentary
References[edit]
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Ehrhardt, Anke A. (August 2007). “John Money, Ph.D.”. The Journal of Sex Research. 44 (3): 223–224. doi:10.1080/00224490701580741. JSTOR 20620298. PMID 3050136. S2CID 147344556.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Tosh, Jemma (25 July 2014). Perverse Psychology: The pathologization of sexual violence and transgenderism. Routledge. ISBN 9781317635444.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Diamond, M; Sigmundson, HK (1997). “Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications”. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 151 (3): 298–304. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015. PMID 9080940.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Colapinto 2001b.
- ^ “John William Money, PhD, 1921–2006”. Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
- ^ “NZ psychologist silent on former patient”. 12 May 2004 – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
- ^ “Kiwi sexologist dies in US hospital”. The New Zealand Herald. 10 July 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ “John Money, PhD”. Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. Retrieved 15 April2008.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Evans, Patrick (2010). “Frame, Janet Paterson”. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
- ^ Janet, Frame (2015). An Angel At My Table. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9780349006697.
- ^ Diamond, Milton (2004). “Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective”. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 13 (3): 591–607. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.008. PMID 15183375. Archived from the originalon 3 December 2008.
- ^ Bullough, Vern (2003). “The Contributions of John Money: A Personal View”. The Journal of Sex Research. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. 40 (3): 230–236. doi:10.1080/00224490309552186. JSTOR 3813317. PMID 14533016. S2CID 22122271.
- ^ Brewington, Kelly (9 July 2006). “Dr. John Money 1921–2006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity”. Baltimore Sun.
- ^ Office of the Prime Minister (12 December 2003). “PM opens new wing at Eastern Southland Gallery” (Press release). Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ Highleyman, Liz (3 August 2006). “Sex researcher John Money dies”. The Bay Area Reporter. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Fitzgerald, John Warner (9 July 2006). “Obituaries in the News”. Associated Press via Fox News. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Money, John; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). “An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism”. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. Johns Hopkins University. 97 (4): 301–19.
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