Part 3: Mysterious 12,000-Years-Old Gobekli Tepe –
Buried to Escape Incoming Comets? Meteorites? Huge Solar Flares?
© 2012 by Linda Moulton Howe
“Nanodiamonds only form under very high temperatures
and pressures consistent with a major cosmic impact event.”
– Douglas Kennett, Ph.D., Univ. of Oregon
Illustration of outer space object headed for Earth impact.
Yellow marker at coordinates for Gobekli Tepe: 37.223237° N, 38.922546° E
Gobekli Tepe in Turkish means “Potbelly Hill,” an archaeological site about eight miles
northeast of Sanliurfa not far from the Syrian border. The region’s water comes
from the Euphrates, the longest river of Western Asia, that originates
upstream from Keban, Elazig Province in eastern Turkey.
Return to Part 1.
June 21, 2012 Gobekli Tepe 8 miles northeast of Sanliurfa, Turkey – Who made the 30 acres of elegantly carved Gobekli limestone pillars in circles? And why? More baffling, why was the entire Gobekli site deliberately covered over with dirt a thousand years after its construction as if to protect it from – what? Did the original Gobekli creators have foreknowledge about a coming catastrophe? Did Someone with advanced technology rapidly re-bury all the pillars? The effort needed to erect so many large stone circles over some 30 acres – and then have to bury all those pillars again centuries later – is beyond understanding.
12,000 Years Ago – End of Last Ice Age
The Pleistocene is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world’s recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Pleistocene is derived from the Greek pleistos meaning “most” and kainos meaning “new.” Sir Charles Lyell introduced this term in 1839 to describe strata in Sicily that had at least 70% of their mollusc fauna still living today. This distinguished it from the older Pliocene Epoch.
At the close of the Pleistocene twelve thousand years ago, the Earth began to warm up. Forests began to grow back and large animals flourished in North America such as giant sloths, American lions and camels, saber-toothed tigers, mammoths and mastodons.
But then suddenly something mysterious plunged much of the Northern Hemisphere back into a Big Freeze in perhaps less than one year. Scientists call that puzzling, rapid cooling the “Younger Dryas,” named after an alpine wildflower. Temperatures dropped so quickly that Siberian mammoths have been found preserved in ancient ice with quick-frozen buttercups in their mouths.
First whole mammoth to be unearthed in 1900 in Siberia was called
the Beresovka mammoth. A cast of this specimen can be seen below on left in
the Natural History Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia and illustrated on right.
More strangely, saber-tooth tigers and other animals have been reported to have twisted spines as if thrown around by powerful unidentified forces. By the end of the Younger Dryas, at least 16 genera of large animal species had been wiped out, their bones later discovered to be covered by “black mats” of organic residue containing microscopic nanodiamonds. From fire? From water? Or both?
Skeletal head of a sabre-toothed tiger in which canine teeth grew up
to 8 inches (20 centimeters) long and extended down from the mouth even
when the mouth was closed. Source: American Natural History Museum.
Saber-toothed tiger, or Smilodon, illustration.
Close-up of Murray Springs, Arizona, black mat layer atop the Younger Dryas
layer in which nanodiamonds have been discovered. Murray Springs is a significant
archeology site that contains an undisturbed stratigraphic record of the
past 40,000 years. Image courtesy Douglas Kennett, Ph.D.
In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 6, 2008, Vol. 105 No. 18 6520-6525, Prof. Vance Haynes from the Departments of Anthropology and Geosciences at the University of Arizona in Tucson, reported: “ Of the 97 geoarchaeological sites of this study that bridge the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (last deglaciation), approximately two thirds have a black organic-rich layer or ‘black mat’ in the form of mollic paleosols, aquolls, diatomites, or algal mats with radiocarbon ages suggesting they are stratigraphic manifestations of the Younger Dryas cooling episode 10,900 Before Present [ 12,900 years ago] to 9,800 B.P. [ 11,800 years ago ] radiocarbon years.
“Stratigraphically and chronologically, the Younger Dryas extinction appears to have been catastrophic, seemingly too sudden and extensive for either human predation or climate change to have been the primary cause. Recent evidence for extraterrestrial impact, although not yet compelling, needs further testing because a remarkable major perturbation occurred at 10,900 B.P. that needs to be explained.”
Nanodiamond and Iridium Layer in Younger
Dryas from Cosmic Impact?
There is a timeline discrepancy in the Younger Dryas boundary layer being carbon dated to 12,900 years ago versus a 12,000-year-age for the construction of the Gobekli Tepe site. But perhaps modern timeline analysis is not entirely accurate since the puzzle pieces for a cosmic impact on Earth after the Gobekli Tepe site was first erected appear to be coming together for a possible explanation about why the site was later buried – in anticipation of cosmic airbursts and ground collisions.
This hypothesis was published in the January 2, 2009, issue of Science by Douglas Kennett, Ph.D., and Associate Prof. of Anthropology at the Univ. of Oregon, along with his father, paleontologist James Kennett, Ph.D., at the Univ. of California-Santa Barbara, and half a dozen other scientists, including Ted Bunch, Ph.D., a NASA Exobiologist and Adjunct Prof. of Geology at Northern Arizona State University in Flagstaff. Their paper was entitled, “Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer.” In fact, the nanodiamonds discovered are often layered on top of the extinct animal bones.
Iridium and n-diamonds were found in the bulk sediment of the Younger Dryas
sedimentary layer at Murray Springs, Arizona. Image and data courtesy Douglas Kennett, Ph.D.
The six Younger Dryas sedimentary layer sites where nanodiamonds were discovered are:
1-Murray Springs, Arizona; 2-Bull Creek, Oklahoma; 3-Lake Hind, Manitoba, Canada;
4-Chobot, Alberta, Canada; 5-Gainey, Michigan; 6-Topper, South Carolina.
Map and photomicrographs courtesy Douglas Kennett, Ph.D.
Douglas J. Kennett, Ph.D., Assoc. Prof.
of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.
In a January 29, 2009 Earthfiles interview, Prof. Kennett told me: “Many of these animals appear to go out 12,900 years ago after a preceding and catastrophic event. In fact, this stratum of nanodiamonds – the sediments containing these nanodiamonds – in some cases sit directly above the bones of these extinct animals. These animal bones do not occur above the sedimentary layers in well-stratified sections.
“Nanodiamonds only form under very high temperatures and pressures consistent with a major cosmic impact event. It’s very hard to explain their presence in these sediments just based on other kinds of surficial processes. And, of course, increased temperatures and pressures would have had major repercussions for the environment in North America, including vegetation and animals and humans that were on the landscape at the time.
“The destruction would have been instantaneous. People living in the immediate vicinity of impact or airbursts would pretty much have been annihilated. And where the impacts and airbursts would have occurred, there would have been a lot of debris kicked up into the atmosphere. And I can imagine there would have been major sound – even hard to imagine the senses that would have been involved in all this. Also, the wildfires triggered by all this would have put smoke and soot up into the atmosphere that would also have had major atmospheric effects in terms of obscuring the sun for fairly long periods of time.”
Did Comet Debris Impact
with Earth About 12,000 Years Ago?
What was that cosmic impact event? One of the nanodiamond team scientists is Ted Bunch, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor of Geology at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff. Dr. Bunch also worked at NASA for 31 years as a research scientist and manager of exobiology. He thinks a swarm of comets, or comet debris, collided with the Earth and produced very hot, gaseous airburst explosions and direct hits on the Ice Age sheets still covering much of the Northern Hemisphere.
Ted Bunch, Ph.D., Former NASA Research Scientist and Exobiology Manager and now Adjunct Professor of Geology, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona: “What we’re projecting here is an impact by swarm of comets that were actually cometary pieces from a break up in outer space. These are known. There are at least 60 such break ups that have been observed. And I think the Earth encountered one of these cluster comets. The pieces were maybe spread maybe hundreds of kilometers apart and maybe 1,000 to 2,000 kilometers in length. And they rained down on North America, probably over the Canadian ice sheet called the Laurentide.
[ Editor’s Note: Wikipedia – “The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered hundreds of thousands of square miles, including most of Canada and a large portion of the northern United States, between 95,000 and 20,000 years before present day. Its southern margin included the modern sites of New York City and Chicago. Up to two miles thick and much thinner at its edges, this ice sheet was the primary feature of the North American ice age.
]
“And maybe the comet pieces made some craters in the ice, but the smaller objects probably detonated in the atmosphere and caused massive fires in the lower part of Canada and throughout the United States.
YOUR HYPOTHESIS IS THAT HIGH-TEMPERATURE DEBRIS HIT THE ICE SHEET?
Hit the ice sheet and possibly in forested areas because that’s how these intense fire storms probably started. Some of the comet clusters hitting the ice – the big pieces possibly making craters – impacting and making the high pressure and temperature forms of diamonds: the cubic, hexagonal and the more common diamonds, which are not high pressure, but high temperature, the N-diamonds, probably formed from the rapid and very intense burning of biomass forests, the ‘impact winter.’”
Anthropologist Leonard Cedric commented in 1979 about the mysterious Younger Dryas extinctions:
“The event was worldwide. The mammoths of Siberia became extinct about the same time as the giant rhinoceros of Europe; the mastodons of Alaska and the bison of Siberia ended simultaneously. The same is true of the Asian elephants and the American camels. The cause of these extinctions must be common to both hemispheres. If the coming of glacial conditions was gradual, it would not have caused the extinctions, because the various animals could have simply migrated to where conditions were better. What is seen here is total surprise – and uncontrolled violence.”
Or Was The Catastrophe A Meteorite Storm?
In the June 18, 2012, issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), Professors Douglas Kennett, Ted Bunch and others report their further investigations of “Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago.”
The scientists describe their research: “We examined sediment sequences from 18 dated Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) sites across three continents (North America, Europe and Asia), spanning 12,000 kilometers around nearly one-third of the planet. All sites display abundant microspherules in the YDB with none or few above and below the layer.
The Gobekli Tepe, Turkey, excavation site is only a few miles from the northern Syrian border.
“… We compared YDB objects with melt products from a known cosmic impact, the Meteor Crater in Arizona, and from the 1945 Trinity atomic nuclear airburst in White Sands, New Mexico, and found that all of these high-energy events produced material that is geochemically and morphologically comparable. …these results are consistent with cosmic ejecta, supporting the hypothesis of extraterrestrial airbursts/impacts at least 12,900 years ago. The wide geographic distribution of siliceous scoria-like objects is consistent with multiple impactors.
Image A: Colorized photo of trinitite on ground after atomic bomb detonation
at the Trinity Site, White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico, in July 1945.
Image B: Large 18 cm long piece of trinitite found facing up on the ground.
Source: PNAS Supporting Images.
“Such an extraterrestrial impactor event produces a turbulent impact plume or fireball cloud containing vapor, melted rock, shocked and unshocked rock debris, breccias, microspherules, and other target and impactor materials. One of the most prominent impact materials is melted siliceous glass (lechatelierite), which forms within the impact plume at temperatures up to 2,200 degrees Celsius, the boiling point of quartz. Lechatelierite cannot be produced volcanically, but can form during lightning strikes … and such material formed in the Trinity nuclear detonation, in which surface materials were drawn up and melted within the atomic bomb plume.
“ Importance of melted silica glass: Lechatelierite is only known to occur as a product of impact events such as nuclear detonations and lightning strikes. …But our observations indicate that Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) objects are similar to material produced in nuclear airbursts, impact crater plumes and cosmic airbursts, and strongly support the hypothesis of multiple cosmic airburst/impacts at 12,900 years ago. Data presented here require that thermal radiation from air shocks was sufficient to melt surface sediments at temperatures up to or greater than the boiling point of quartz.
“ … Of the 18 investigated sites, only Abu Hureyra,Syria; Blackville, South Carolina; and Melrose, Pennsylvania, display large melt masses and this observation suggests that each of these sites was near the center of a high-energy airburst/impact. Because these three sites in North America and the Middle East are separated by 1,000 to 10,000 kilometers, we propose that there were three or more major impact/airburst epicenters for the Younger Dryas impact event. The higher concentration of melt at Abu Hureyra, Syria, suggests the effects on that settlement and its inhabitants would have been severe.”
Erratic Solar Bursts from the Sun?
Robert Schoch, Ph.D., Geologist, Boston University, who led our tour to Gobekli Tepe in June has written a new book to be released on August 1, 2012, entitled: Forgotten Civilization: The Role of Solar Outbursts in our Past and Future. In the book, Dr. Schoch explains why he suspects the sun played a major role during the warming of the last ice age that caused large flooding, including water weathering on the Egyptian Sphinx at least 12,000 years ago as well. He also thinks that meteorites and/or comets were probably additional players in a global catastrophe that killed a lot of Earth life and forced many creatures underground.
Scheduled for release by Inner Traditions
on August 1, 2012, at Amazon.com and Barnes Noble.
For more information, see:
http://www.robertschoch.com/
June 7, 2011, sunspot activity culminated in a gigantic Coronal Mass Ejection (CME),
which produced a major burst of solar wind headed for Earth. Direct solar particle
impact can take out orbiting satellites, interrupt power grids and
cause electromagnetic havoc. Image by SOHO.
To be continued in Part 4:
Interview with Robert M. Schoch, Ph.D., Boston University
Return to Part 1.
Also see Earthfiles Archive:
• 10/01/2010 — Gobekli Tepe: 12,000 Years Old and Rewriting Human History
More Information:
For future ancient site tour information:
– Ancient Civilization Tours with Gregory Poplawski, Poland: http://www.timeofanewera.com
– Robert M. Schoch, Ph.D., Geology, Boston University: http://www.robertschoch.com/
For further reports about Gobekli Tepe and other ancient sites, please see Earthfiles Archive.
• 05/06/2012 — Updated: Malta’s 6,000-Year-Old Hypogeum – Built to Alter Minds with Sound?
• 11/23/2011 — Greek Gods Were Extraterrestrials, Says Erich von Daniken in Latest Book, Odyssey of the Gods.
• 09/30/2011 — Part 2: Interviews with Scientists Studying Mysterious, Ancient Stone Circles in Middle East Visible Only from Air
• 09/16/2011 — Part 1: Mysterious, Ancient Stone Circles in Middle East Visible Only from Air
• 10/21/2010 — Dead Sea Scrolls Going Online
• 10/01/2010 — Gobekli Tepe: 12,000 Years Old and Rewriting Human History
• 07/07/2006 — Noah’s Ark Atop Takht-e-Soleiman Peak in Iran?
• 12/09/2005 — Mystery of “Footprints” in 1.3 Million-Year-Old Mexico Volcanic Rock
• 04/23/2002 — John Anthony West Organizing New Effort to Date Weathering of Sphinx and Red Pyramid Chamber
• 12/01/2001 — 1200 B. C. – What Caused Earthquake Storms, Global Drought and End of Bronze Age?
• 11/19/2001 — Update on Underwater Megalithic Structures near Western Cuba
• 09/22/2001 — Huge Hexagram Crop Formation in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada
• 06/16/2001 — Beyond Stonehenge with Astronomer Gerald Hawkins
• 05/05/2001 — Archaeologists Find Central Asia Civilization As Old As Sumeria
• 05/28/2000 — Hamoukar, Syria – A City Older Than 6000 Years?
Websites:
PNAS June 18, 2012, “Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago”:
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/06/14/1204453109.full.pdf+html?sid=b2ba163f-403f-4de6-85be-e35be5f107e0
Largest Known Solar Storm – 1859 Carrington Event: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_1859
Archaeology, “The World’s First Temple”:
http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html
Gobekli Tepe, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe
Smithsonian, November 2008: “Gobekli Tepe: The World’s First Temple?”
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/gobekli-tepe.html
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