The analysis did not include the Italian cruise ship, Costa Concordia, whose
captain came under fire earlier this year for leaving the deadly scene of
shipwreck before all 4,200-plus passengers were evacuated. Thirty-two people
died.
But the study showed that his behaviour may not have been all that unusual.
Historical data shows that crew members “have a higher survival rate than
passengers and that only nine of 16 captains went down with their ships,”
said the study.
In disasters when the captain took the lead in alerting passengers and crew to
prioritise the needs of women and children, they tended to fare better.
Otherwise, “self-regarding players comply with norms only if the cost of the
social stigma of violation exceeds the cost of compliance,” said the study.
In the case of the Titanic, the captain ordered women and children to be saved
first and there were reports of officers shooting at any men who disobeyed
the order.
Women had a survival advantage over men in just two of the shipwrecks studied,
the Titanic in 1912 and the Birkenhead, a British ship that went aground in
the Indian Ocean in 1852.
Markedly fewer women than men survived in 11 disasters, and there was no clear
evidence of a difference in the remaining five studied.
When researchers focused on British shipwrecks in particular, they found that
women consistently fared worse than men, even though the order to save women
and children first was given more often on British ships.
“This contrasts with the notion of British men being more gallant than men of
other nationalities,” said the study authored by Mikael Elindera and Oscar
Erixson of the Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
They also noted that similar conclusions have been reached in other studies of
human behavior during natural disasters.
“What happened on the Titanic seems to have spurred misconceptions about human
behavior in disasters,” the researchers concluded.
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