Heracleion, also known as Thonis, was an ancient Egyptian city near Alexandria whose ruins are located in Abu Qir Bay,
currently 2.5 km off the coast. Its legendary beginnings go back to as
early as the 12th century BC, and it is mentioned by ancient Greek
historians. Its importance grew especially during the waning days of the
Pharaohs–the late period, when it was Egypt’s main port.
Heracleion was originally built on some adjoining islands in the Nile Delta, and was intersected by canals. It possessed a number of anchorages.
It was believed that Paris and Helen of Troy were stranded there on their flight from the jealous Menelaus, before the Trojan war began. Also, it was believed that Heracles himself had visited the city, and that the city had gained its name from him.
Until very recently the site had been known only from a few literary and
epigraphic sources, one of which interestingly mentions the site as an emporion, just like Naukratis.
The city was mentioned by the ancient historians Diodorus and Strabo. Heracleion is also mentioned in the Twin steles of Decree of Nectanebo I
(originally known as the ‘Stele of Naukratis’), which specify that one
tenth of the taxes on imports passing through the town of
Thonis/Herakleion were to be given to the sanctuary of Neith of Sais. The city is also mentioned in the Decree of Canopus honoring Pharaoh Ptolemy III.
The city had a large temple of Khonsou, son of Amun, who was known to the Greeks as Herakles. Later, the worship of Amun became more prominent. Heracleion flourished especially from the 6th to the 4th century BC, as revealed by numerous archaeological finds. Pharaoh Nectanebo I made many additions to the temple in the 4th century B.C.The city sank in the 6th or 7th century A.D., probably due to major
earthquakes and floods. The ruins submerged in the sea were finally
located and rediscovered by the French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio in 2000. Until then, the scholars were not sure if Heracleion and Thonis were in fact one and the same city.
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