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August 17th, 2020 
Awake Goy 
An array of international lawyers have written to the British prime minister, foreign secretary, secretary of state for justice and home secretary outlining his illegal treatment and demanding Julian Assange’s release.
Lawyers for Assange
Independent international legal observers of the proceedings in the case of Julian Assange
Open Letter to the UK Prime Minister Mr Boris Johnson, the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice Robert Buckland QC, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Dominic Raab and UK Home Secretary Priti Patel.
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>Dear Prime Minister,
Dear Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice,
Dear Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
Dear Home Secretary,
We write to you as legal practitioners and legal academics to express our collective concerns about the violations of Mr. Julian Assange’s fundamental human, civil and political rights and the precedent his persecution is setting. We call on you to act in accordance with national and international law, human rights and the rule of law by bringing an end to the ongoing extradition proceedings and granting Mr. Assange his long overdue freedom – freedom from torture, arbitrary detention and deprivation of liberty, and political persecution.
A) Illegality of Potential Extradition to the United States
Extradition of Mr. Assange from the UK to the U.S. would be illegal on the following grounds:
1. Risk of being subjected to an unfair trial in the U.S.
Extradition would be unlawful owing to failure to ensure the protection of Mr. Assange’s fundamental trial rights in the U.S. Mr. Assange faces show trial at the infamous “Espionage court” of the Eastern District of Virginia, before which no national security defendant has ever succeeded. Here, he faces secret proceedings before a jury picked from a population in which most of the individuals eligible for jury selection work for, or are connected to, the CIA, NSA, DoD or DoS.[i]Furthermore, Mr. Assange’s legal privilege, a right enshrined in Art. 8 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and long recognised under English common law, was grossly violated through constant and criminal video and audio surveillance at the Ecuadorian embassy carried out by the Spanish security firm, UC Global. This surveillance was, according to witness testimony, ordered by the CIA and has triggered an investigation into the owner of UC Global, David Morales, by Spain’s High Court, the Audiencia Nacional.[ii] The surveillance resulted in all of Mr. Assange’s meetings and conversations being recorded, including those with his lawyers. The Council of Bar and Law Societies of Europe, which represents more than a million European lawyers, has expressed its concerns that these illegal recordings may be used – openly or secretly – in proceedings against Mr. Assange in the event of successful extradition to the U.S. The Council states that if the information merely became known to the prosecutors, this would present an irremediable breach of Mr. Assange’s fundamental rights to a fair trial under Art. 6 of the ECHR and due process under the U.S. Constitution.[iii] Furthermore, the prosecuting state obtained the totality of Mr. Assange’s legal papers after their unlawful seizure in the Embassy. Upon hearing that the Government of Ecuador was planning to seize and hand over personal belongings of Mr. Assange, including documents, telephones, electronic devices, memory drives, etc. to the U.S., the UN Special Rapporteur on Privacy, Joseph Cannataci, expressed his serious concern to the Ecuadorian government and twice formally requested it to return Mr. Assange’s personal effects to his lawyers, to no avail.[iv].
The UN Model Treaty on Extradition prohibits extradition if the person has not received, or would not receive, the minimum guarantees in criminal proceedings, as enshrined in Art. 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).[v]
2. The political nature of the offence prohibits extradition.
The U.S. superseding indictment issued against Mr. Assange on the 24 June 2020 charges him with 18 counts all related solely to the 2010 publications of U.S. government documents. The publications, comprising information about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, U.S. diplomatic cables and Guantanamo Bay, revealed evidence of war crimes, corruption and governmental malfeasance.[vi]Charges 1-17 are brought under the Espionage Act 1917, which, in name alone, reveals the political and antiquated nature of the charges.[vii]Furthermore, the essence of the 18 charges concerns Mr. Assange’s alleged intention to obtain or disclose U.S. state “secrets” in a manner that was damaging to the strategic and national security interests of the U.S. state, to the capability of its armed forces, the work of the security and intelligence services of the U.S., and to the interests of the U.S. abroad. Thus, the conduct, motivation and purpose attributed to Mr. Assange confirm the political character of the 17 charges brought under the Espionage Act (‘pure political’ offences) and of the hacking charge (a ‘relative political’ offence). In addition, several U.S. government officials have at various times ascribed motives “hostile” to the U.S. to Mr. Assange, an Australian citizen.[viii].
The UK-U.S. Extradition Treaty, which provides the very basis of the extradition request, specifically prohibits extradition for political offences in Art. 4(1).
Yet the presiding judge and prosecution wish to simply disregard this article by referring to the Extradition Act 2003 (“EA”) instead, which does not include the political offence exception. This blatantly ignores the fact that the EA is merely an enabling act that creates the minimum statutory safeguards but it does not preclude stronger protections from extradition as expressly provided in subsequently ratified treaties such as the UK-U.S. Extradition Treaty.
Furthermore, there is broad international consensus that political offences should not be the basis of extradition.[ix] This is reflected in Art. 3 of the 1957 European Convention on Extradition, Art. 3 ECHR, Art. 3(a) of the UN Model Treaty on Extradition, the Interpol Constitution and every bilateral treaty ratified by the U.S. for over a century.
3. Risk of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in the U.S.
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“the UN Rapporteur on Torture”), Professor Nils Melzer, has expressed with certainty that, if extradited to the U.S., Mr. Assange will be exposed to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Similar concerns have also been raised by the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, and Amnesty International has recently restated its concerns in relation to the unacceptable risk of mistreatment.[x]The detention conditions, and the draconian punishment of 175 years, in a maximum security prison, which Mr. Assange faces under the U.S. indictment, would constitute torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, according to the current UN Rapporteur on Torture and according to the consistently expressed opinion of his predecessor, as well as of NGOs and legal authorities.[xi]If extradited, Mr. Assange would, by the U.S. government’s own admission, likely be placed under Special Administrative Measures. These measures prohibit prisoners from contact or communication with all but a few approved individuals, and any approved individuals would not be permitted to report information concerning the prisoner’s treatment to the public, thereby shielding potential torture from public scrutiny and government from accountability.[xii].
Under the principle of non-refoulement, it is not permissible to extradite a person to a country in which there are substantial grounds forbelieving that they would be subjected to torture. This principle is enshrined in the 1951 UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, specifically Art. 33(1) from which no derogations are permitted. Also relevant are Art. 3(1) UN Declaration on Territorial Asylum 1967, Art. 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), and Art. 2 of the Resolution on Asylum to Persons in Danger of Persecution, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe in 1967. As an obligation arising from the prohibition of torture, the principle of non-refoulement in this area is absolute and also takes on the character of a peremptory norm of customary international law, i.e. jus cogens.[xiii]
Mr. Assange, who was accepted as a political asylee by the Ecuadorian government owing to what have proved to have been wholly legitimate fears of political persecution and torture in the U.S., should clearly have been accorded protection of this principle, firstly by Ecuador and secondly by the UK. Ecuador violated its human rights obligations by summarily rescinding Mr. Assange’s asylum in direct contradiction of the ‘Latin American tradition of asylum’[xiv] and the Advisory Opinion OC-25/18 of 30 May 2018 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights affirming the principle of non-refoulement in cases of persons who have entered an embassy for protection.[xv] The entry of the Ecuadorian Embassy by UK police and the arrest of Mr. Assange were thus based on an illegal revocation of his nationality and asylum, which can only be rectified by the UK upholding its own duty to protect the principle of non-refoulement by denying extradition to the U.S.
B) Violations of the Freedom of the Press and the Right to Know
Counts 1-17 of the indictment under the Espionage Act violate the right to freedom of expression, the right to freedom of the press and the right to know. These counts present standard and necessary investigative journalistic practices as criminal.[xvi] Such practices include indicating availability to receive information, indicating what information is of interest, encouraging the provision of information, receipt of information for the purpose of publication, and publication of information in the public interest.
Under the charge of conspiracy to commit computer intrusion, the initial indictment criminalised also Mr. Assange’s alleged attempt at helping his source to maintain their anonymity while providing the documents in question, which falls squarely under the standard journalistic practice and duty of protecting the source. In a bid to detract from this fact and re-paint Mr. Assange as a malicious hacker, the U.S. DoJ has published a new “superseding indictment” on 24 June 2020, without even lodging it with the UK court first, alleging the recruitment of, and agreement with, hackers to commit computer intrusion. The new indictment has emerged unjustifiably late in the day, is based on no new information and the testimony of two highly compromised sources.
We agree with the assessment of the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe that “The broad and vague nature of the allegations against Julian Assange, and of the offences listed in the indictment, are troubling as many of them concern activities at the core of investigative journalism in Europe and beyond.”[xvii]
Extradition on the basis of the indictment would gravely endanger freedom of the press, a cornerstone of European democracies enshrined in Art. 10 ECHR.[xviii]
The U.S. furthermore seemingly concedes the unconstitutionality of the charges, having stated in one of its submissions to the Court that Mr. Assange will be denied the protections of freedom of speech and the press guaranteed under the First Amendment due to his being a foreign national.[xix] Furthermore, extraditing Mr. Assange to the U.S. with the knowledge of their intended discrimination against him would make the UK an accessory in a flagrant denial of his right to non-discrimination.
The extradition to the U.S. of a publisher and journalist, for engaging in journalistic activities while in Europe, would set a very dangerous precedent for the extra-territorialisation of state secrecy laws and “would post an invitation to other states to follow suit, severely threatening the ability of journalists, publishers and human rights organisations to safely reveal information about serious international issues.”[xx] Such concerns for journalistic freedom are echoed by the journalistic profession –over a thousand journalists signed an open letter opposing Mr. Assange’s extradition.[xxi] Massimo Moratti, Amnesty International’s Deputy Europe Director has branded the U.S. government’s unrelenting pursuit of Mr. Assange as “nothing short of a full-scale assault on the right to freedom of expression” which “could have a profound impact on the public’s right to know what their government is up to.”[xxii]
Furthermore the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has stated that member States should “consider that the detention and criminal prosecution of Mr Julian Assange sets a dangerous precedent for journalists, and join the recommendation of the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture” in his call to bar the extradition and for the release from custody of Mr. Assange.[xxiii]
C) Violations of the Right to be Free from Torture, the Right to Health, and the Right to Life
The UN Rapporteur on Torture has reported, and continues to report, on the treatment of Mr. Assange as part of his United Nations mandate. On 9 and 10 May 2019, Prof. Melzer and two medical experts specialised in examining potential victims of torture and other ill-treatment visited Mr. Assange in Her Majesty’s Prison Belmarsh (“HMP Belmarsh”). The group’s visit and assessment revealed that Mr. Assange showed “all symptoms typical for prolonged exposure to psychological torture, including extreme stress, chronic anxiety and intense psychological trauma.”[xxiv] The UN Rapporteur on Torture concluded “Mr. Assange has been deliberately exposed, for a period of several years, to persistent and progressively severe forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the cumulative effects of which can only be described as psychological torture”.
The UN Rapporteur on Torture condemned “in the strongest terms, the deliberate, concerted and sustained nature of the abuse inflicted”, and characterised the failure of the UK government and the involved governments to take measures for the protection of Mr. Assange’s human rights and dignity as “complacency at best and complicity at worst”.[xxv]
The abuse includes systematic judicial persecution and violations of due process rights in all jurisdictions involved and in all related legal proceedings.[xxvi] It has most recently been demonstrated in the treatment of Mr. Assange during the extradition proceedings heard at Woolwich Crown Court, proceedings destined to be infamously remembered for the “glass box” to which Mr. Assange was confined as if he, an award winning journalist and a publisher, was a dangerous and violent criminal.
Mr. Assange was subjected to arbitrary detention and oppressive isolation, harassment and surveillance, while confined in the Ecuadorian embassy[xxvii] and continues to be so subjected as a prisoner in HMP Belmarsh. In Belmarsh, Mr. Assange has served the irregular and disproportionate sentence of 50 weeks[xxviii] for an alleged bail infringement. Perversely, the allegation, charge and conviction resulted from Mr. Assange legitimately seeking and being granted diplomatic asylum by the Ecuadorian government, which accepted Mr. Assange’s fear of politicised extradition to, and inhuman treatment in, the U.S., as well founded.[xxix] Although Mr. Assange has now served the sentence, he remains imprisoned without conviction or legal basis for the purpose of a political, and thereby illegal, extradition to the U.S. Further, he is imprisoned amid the Coronavirus pandemic, despite the above and despite his vulnerability to the virus owing to an underlying lung condition exacerbated by years of confinement and a history of psychological torture. It is particularly worrisome that, as a result of his health and the medical circumstances, he has even been unable to participate by video-link at recent hearings, yet he has been refused bail.[xxx]
UK authorities violated Mr. Assange’s right to health while deprived of his liberty in the Ecuadorian Embassy by denying him access to urgent medical diagnosis and care.[xxxi] The two medical experts who accompanied the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture on his May 2019 visit to HMP Belmarsh warned that unless pressure on Mr. Assange was alleviated quickly, his state of health would enter a downward spiral potentially resulting in his death.[xxxii] Mr. Assange’s father, Mr. John Shipton, has reported that his son was subjected to physical torture by his being placed in a “hot box.”[xxxiii] On 1 November 2019 the UN Rapporteur on Torture stated: “[u]nless the UK urgently changes course and alleviates his inhumane situation, Mr. Assange’s continued exposure to arbitrariness and abuse may soon end up costing his life.”[xxxiv] Soon after, on 22 November 2019, over 60 doctors from around the world raised concerns about the precarious state of Mr. Assange’s physical and mental health which included fears for his life, and requested his transfer to a hospital properly equipped and staffed for his diagnosis and treatment.[xxxv]
Furthermore, it has been revealed by the employees of UC Global, who worked at the Ecuadorian embassy, that the CIA actively discussed and considered kidnapping or poisoning Mr. Assange.[xxxvi] This shows a shocking disregard for his right to life and the due process of law of the very government seeking his extradition.
We would like to remind the UK government:
- of its duty to protect Mr. Assange’s right to life, which is the most fundamental human right enshrined in Art. 6 of the ICCPR, Art. 2 of the ECHR and Art. 2 of the Human Rights Act (HRA);
- that the prohibition of torture is a norm of international customary law and constitutes jus cogens. The prohibition is absolute and so there may be no derogation under any circumstances, including war, public emergency or terrorist threat. It is also enshrined in Art. 5 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Arts. 7 and 10 ICCPR, CAT, and Art. 3 ECHR;
- of its unconditional obligation, under Art. 12 CAT, to ensure that its competent authorities proceed to a prompt and impartial investigation of reported torture, which it has thus far failed to undertake; and
- that it is a member State of the World Health Organization, whose Constitution states: “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of […] political belief [,,,]everyone should have access to the health services they need, when and where they need them.
We call on the UK government to take immediate action to cease the torture being inflicted upon Mr. Assange, to end his arbitrary and unlawful detention, and to permit his access to independent medical diagnosis and treatment in an appropriate hospital setting. That doctors, their previous concerns having been ignored, should have to call on governments to ‘End torture and medical neglect of Julian Assange’ in The Lancet is extremely worrying.[xxxvii]
D) Violations of the Right to a Fair Trial
We condemn the denial of Mr. Assange’s right to a fair trial before the UK courts. This right has been denied as follows.
1. Judicial Conflicts of Interest
Senior District Judge (Magistrates’ Courts) Emma Arbuthnot, who as Chief Magistrate oversees Mr. Assange’s extradition proceedings, has been shown to have financial links to institutions and individuals whose wrongdoings have been exposed by WikiLeaks, the organisation which Mr. Assange founded.[xxxviii] This seemingly clear conflict of interest was, however, not disclosed by the District Judge. District Judge Arbuthnot did not recuse herself and was permitted to make rulings to Mr. Assange’s detriment, despite the perceived lack of judicial impartiality and independence. District Judge (Magistrates’ Courts) Michael Snow has further exhibited bias and unprofessionalism by participating in the defamation of Mr. Assange’s character, labelling the multi-award-winning public interest publisher and Nobel Peace Prize Nominee a “narcissist who cannot get beyond his own selfish interests” in response, ironically, to Mr. Assange’s legal team raising what were patently legitimate concerns regarding bias in the proceedings.[xxxix]
2. Inequality of Arms
Mr. Assange has been denied time and facilities to prepare his defence in violation of the principle of equality of arms which is inherent to the presumption of innocence and the rule of law.After his arrest, the British police did not allow Mr. Assange to collect and take his belongings with him.[xl] Subsequently, Mr. Assange was deprived of his reading glasses for several weeks.[xli] Until end of June 2020 he was also denied access to a computer. While a computer has now been provided it is without internet access and read only, preventing the possibility of Mr. Assange typing any notes thus being entirely unsuitable for the preparation of his defence. Mr. Assange was furthermore denied access to the indictment itself for several weeks after it had been presented, while his access to other legal documents remains limited to this day due to the bureaucracy and lack of confidentiality involved in prison correspondence. Furthermore, despite the complexity of the case and the severity of the sentence that Mr. Assange would face if extradited to be tried in the U.S., prison authorities are failing to ensure that Mr. Assange can properly consult with his legal team and prepare for his defence, by severely restricting both the frequency and duration of his legal visits. Since mid-March 2020, Mr. Assange has altogether not been able to meet in person with his lawyers.The effects of the torture to which Mr. Assange has been subjected have further limited his ability to prepare his defence and, at times during proceedings, even to answer basic questions, such as questions about his name and date of birth.[xlii] While further hearings have been delayed until September, it is unclear whether this will enable Mr. Assange the necessary time and resources to prepare his defence, since he is unable to communicate with his lawyers (due to his imprisonment during the pandemic) apart from being given limited concessions for a limited period of time, i.e. phone calls restricted to 10 minutes.
3. Denial of the defendant’s ability to properly follow proceedings and direct his legal team
Mr. Assange and his lawyers have repeatedly informed the Court of his inability to properly follow proceedings, to consult with his lawyers confidentially and to properly instruct them in the presentation of his defence due to his being prevented from sitting with them and being confined to a bulletproof glass box. The arrangement has forced Mr. Assange to resort to waving to get the attention of the judge or the people sitting in the public gallery, in order to alert his lawyers who are seated in the courtroom with their backs to him. Although District Judge Vanessa Baraitser accepted that the decision as to whether Mr. Assange should be allowed to sit with his lawyers was within her powers, yet she refused to exercise her power in Mr. Assange’s favour, despite the prosecution having made no objection to the application. Amnesty International has expressed concerns that if adequate measures are not in place at further hearings to ensure Mr. Assange’s effective participation in, and thereby the fairness of, the proceedings would be impaired.[xliii]
4. Refusal to address mistreatment of the defendant
Mr. Assange’s lawyers informed the Court that during a single day, on 22 February, prison authorities handcuffed him 11 times, placed him in 5 different cells, strip-searched him twice, and confiscated his privileged legal documents. Overseeing the proceedings, District Judge Vanessa Baraitser explicitly refused to intervene with prison authorities claiming that she has no jurisdiction over his prison conditions. This oppressive treatment has rightly been condemned by The International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute.[xliv] Co-Chair, Anne Ramberg Dr jur hc, branded it a “serious undermining of due process and the rule of law.”[xlv] Further, international psychiatrists and psychologists have cited this as further evidence of psychological torture.[xlvi]
We remind the UK government that the right to a fair trial is a cornerstone of democracy and the rule of law. It is a basic human right enshrined in Art. 10 UDHR, Art. 14 ICCPR, Art. 6 ECHR and Art. 6 HRA. These provisions, along with long-standing common law principles, demand a fair and public hearing before an independent and impartial tribunal, the presumption of innocence until proven guilty, the right to be informed promptly and in detail of the nature and cause of the charges, the right to be provided with adequate time and facilities for the preparation of one’s defence, and the right to have the ability to communicate with one’s counsel.
For all these reasons we respectfully request that the UK government bring an end to the U.S. extradition proceedings against Mr. Assange and ensure his immediate release from custody.
Yours sincerely,
Lawyers for Assange
Signatories
Collective Signatories
African Bar Association
Arab Lawyers Association, UK
American Association of Jurists – AAJ, consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council
Asociación Nacional de Abogados Democráticos – ANAD, Mexico
Asociación Venezolana de Juristas, Venezuela
Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy – ABJD, Brazil
Center for Constitutional Rights – CCR, USA
European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights – ELDH
Giuristi Democratici, Italy
Group of International Legal Intervention – GIGI, Italy
Indian Association of Lawyers, India
International Association of Democratic Lawyers – IADL, one of the original NGOs accredited in Consultative II Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council
National Association of Democratic Lawyers – NADEL, South Africa
Ukrainian Association of Democratic Lawyers, Ukraine
Unión Nacional de Juristas de Cuba – UNJC, Cuba
Individual Signatories
Noam Almeleh, Esq. attorney, National Lawyers Guild, United States
lic. iur.Amr Abdelaziz, LLM, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland
Lisanne Adam, LLM, LLB, legal academic (Criminal Justice and Corrections) at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Honorary Associate in the School of Psychology within the Faculty of Science (University of Sydney), European Law Consultant advising to the Australian Assange Campaign, Australia/ Netherlands
Suzanne Adely, lawyer, National Lawyers Guild, United States
Dounia Alamat, lawyer, avocate au Barreau de Bruxelles, Vengauwen Avocats, Belgium
Prof. Dr. iur. Peter Albrecht, Professor Emeritus of Criminal Law at the University of Basel, former criminal court judge, Switzerland
Stephen P Allen, solicitor England and Wales (retired), The Law Society (retired), United Kingdom
Noam Almeleh, Esq. attorney, National Lawyers Guild, United States
Sabah Al-Mukhtar, lawyer, UK
Oscar Alzaga, lawyer, Mexico
Deborah C Anderson, Esq., attorney at Anderson Law, United States
Cesare Antetomaso, lawyer, Member of the Executive Committee of Giuristi Democratici, Italy
Nergiz Tuba Arslan, lawyer, secretary general of the Progressive Lawyers Association, CHD, Turkey
Uirá Azevedo, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Maria Rosario Barbato, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Claudia Maria Barbosa, lawyer, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Greg Barns, BA LLB, Barrister Member of the Tasmanian Victorian and Western Australian Bars, Former National President Australian Lawyers Alliance, Australia
lic. iur. Stephan Bernard, LLM, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland
lic. iur.Matthias Bertschinger, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland
Niloufer Bhagwat, lawyer, India.
Audrey Bomse, lawyer (retired), National Lawyers Guild, United States
lic. iur.Marcel Bosonnet, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland
lic. iur.René Brigger, Advokat, Switzerland
Julian Burnside, LLB BEc, barrister QC, Australia
RAEvelyn Butter-Berking, Rechtsanwältin, Germany
Umit Büyükdag, lawyer, second president of the Progressive Lawyers Association, CHD, Turkey
Fabiano Cangelosi, BA (Hons) LLB (Hons), Member of the Tasmanian Bar, Australia
Ivete Caribé da Rocha, lawyer, Serviço de Paz e Justiça da América Latina, Brazil
Graciela Cazamajou, lawyer, member of the American Association of Jurists Argentinian branch, former Secretary for Coordination and Management of the Ministry of Culture, Argentina.
Guillermo Celaya, lawyer, Movimiento Sociales, Argentina.
Prof. Alan W. Clarke, Professor Emeritus, Utah Valley University, United States
Prof.Marjorie Cohn, Professor Emerita Thomas Jefferson School of Law, Member of the Bureau IADL, United States
Prof. Helena Colodetti, Dr. iur. LLM,lawyer, Professor of Constitutional Law at the FUMEC, Brazil
Prof.Heather Ellis Cucolo, Esq., Professor of Criminal Procedure, Mental Disability Law and Professional Responsibility for the Criminal Lawyer, New York Law School; Director, International Society for Therapeutic Jurisprudence (ISTJ), United States
Gregorio Dalbón, lawyer representing former President of Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, Argentina
Juliana Darrigo, lawyer, delegate of the Association of Officials and Lawyers for Animal Rights (AFADA), Argentina.
Prof. Eric David, Professor Emeritus of Public International Law, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Gail Davidson, lawyer (retired), Research Director at Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, Canada
Paul–Emile Dupret, lawyer, advisor at European Parliament, GUE-NGL Group, Belgium
Evelyn Dürmayer, UN Representative of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers in Vienna, Austria
RATim Engels, Rechtsanwalt, Germany
MLaw, Noëmi Erig, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland
Jan Fermon, lawyer,Secretary General of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers, Belgium
RAIlka Feyerabend, Rechtsanwältin, Germany
Prof. Andreas Fischer-Lescano, Dr. iur., LLM, Professor at the University of Bremen, Germany
Dr.Polona Florijan?i?, LLM, LLB, independent researcher, human rights and extradition expert, Slovenia/United Kingdom
Tatyana Scheila Friedrich, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
María Galán López, lawyer, Spain
José Luis Galán Martín, lawyer, Spain
Eric Gillet, lawyer at the Brussels Bar, Equal partners, Belgium
Prof.Géraldine Giraudeau, Professor of Public Law, University of Perpignan, France
Krish Govender, lawyer, SouthAfrica
Dr. iur.Dietrich Growe, Rechtsanwalt, Germany
Prof.Oscar Guardiola-Rivera, LLM, PhD (Philosophy), Fellow of the RSA, Birkbeck College, University of London, United Kingdom
lic. iur.Viktor Györffy, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland
RAGregor Gysi, Member of Parliament of the German Bundestag, Rechtsanwalt, author, moderator, Germany
Leonard W G Hartnett, LLB, Member of the Victorian Bar, Australia
Richard Harvey, lawyer, Vice-President of the Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers, United Kingdom
Prof. Claudia Hasanbegovic, lawyer, social researcher, international consultant and Professor in Gender, Violence and Human Rights, Argentina
Fredrik S. Heffermehl, LLM, lawyer and author, Nobel Peace Prize Watch, International Association Of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), Norway
LordJohn HendyQC, Management Committee of Centre for Labour and Social Studies (CLASS), specialist in industrial relations law at Old Square Chambers, standing counsel to several trade unions, Chair of the Institute of Employment Rights, President of the International Centre for Trade Union Rights, visiting Professor at University College London and King’s College London, United Kingdom
Prof. Lennox Hinds, Professor Emeritus, Rutgers University, United States
Abad Marion Hohn Abad, lawyer, Associació Catalana per a la Defensa dels Drets Humans, Spain
Nancy Hormachea, attorney, Asylum, Consular Processing, Criminal and Deportation Defense, Detention, United States
lic. iur.Ingrid Indermaur, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland
María José Fernández, lawyer, Poder Judicial Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Argentina.
dipl. iur. Martina Kanalec, notary, former state attorney, Slovenia
J.D.Charlotte Kates, coordinator at National Lawyers Guild, International Committee, United States
Prof.Vaios Koutroulis, Professor of Public International Law, Faculté de droit et de criminologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Jordan S. Kushner, Civil Rights Attorney, MSBA Certified Criminal Law Specialist, United States
Lilian Lucia Lapadula, lawyer, Argentina
Avv RA Dr.Joachim Lau, lawyer, International Association Of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), Germany/Italy
Stephen Laudig, attorney admitted to the practice of law before the U.S. Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Hawaii, United States
James Marc Leas, Esq. Patent attorney admitted in Vermont and at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), member of National Lawyers Guild, United States
Lorraine Leete, attorney (licensed in NY), Legal Centre Lesvos, Greece
Elena Liberatori, judge at Contencioso Administrativo de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, (CABA), Argentina
J.D.Myrna Lim, television host, producer, United States
lic. iur. Martin Lutz, Advokat, Switzerland
Beth S. Lyons, IADL Alternate Representative to the United Nations in New York, United States
Fabio Marcelli, Research Director at the Institute for International Legal Studies of the National Research Council, Italy
Dr. iur.Milosz Matuschek, former assistant Professor at Sorbonne School of Law, vice-editor in chief “Schweizer Monat” & columnist NZZ, Switzerland
Prof. Udo R. Mayer, Dr. iur., Professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg, Germany
lic. iur.Christian Meier, Rechtsanwalt, Switzerland
RA Ursula Mende, Rechtsanwältin, national secretary of the German Association of Democratic Lawyers, Germany
Luciane Maria Mezarobba, lawyer, Brazil
Jeanne Mirer, lawyer, President of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers, United States
MLaw, Anja Dillena, Juristin, Switzerland
Lamia Mobada, lawyer, Secretary General Assistant of Arab Lawyers Union – International Relations, Egypt
Ernesto Moreau, American Association of Jurists Vice President, Argentina
José Carlos Moreira, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Luís Carlos Moro, General Secretary of the American Association of Jurists, President of JUTRA Brazilian Portuguese Labour Jurists Association, Brazil
Luis Moro, lawyer, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Catherine Morris, lawyer, Executive Director at Lawyers’ Rights Watch Canada, Canada
Dr. iur.Stephanie Motz, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland
Dr. iur.Giusep Nay, (retired) Supreme Court Judge, former president of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, Switzerland
J.D.Bruce D. Nestor, attorney, past president of the National Lawyers Guild, United States
Marc Nève, lawyer, Chair of the Central advisory Council on prison surveillance, teacher at the Université de Liège, barrister at the Bar of Liège, Belgium
adj. Prof. George Newhouse, B.Com LL.B. Adjunct Professor of Law at Macquarie University and Director of the National Justice Project, Australia
Peter Nickitas, attorney, United States
Dr. iur.Andreas Noll, Advokat, Switzerland
Dr. iur. Dr. med.Thomas Noll, Prison and Reintegration Staff, Switzerland
Mvuso Notyesi, lawyer, President of the National Association of Democratic Lawyers, NADEL, South Africa
Prof. Dr. iur.Norman Paech, Professor Emeritus at the University of Hamburg, Germany
Prof. Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen, Dr. iur., Professor Emeritus of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedural Law at the University of Bonn, Germany
Cristiano Paixão, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Norma Patitucci, lawyer, Psicóloga Social. Integrante de la Defensoría del Pueblo, Argentina
Jeff Petrucelly, attorney, Founder & Co Treasurer of the National Lawyers Guild, Massachusetts Chapter, United States
Carol Proner, lawyer, academic, Member of the international secretariat of the Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy (ABJD), former advisor to the National Amnesty Commission Brazil, Member of the International Court for Restorative Justice of El Salvador, Brazil
Prof. José Luiz Quadros de Magalhães, Dr. iur., Professor of Constitutional and Public Law at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, lawyer, author and TV presenter, Brazil
Yiannis Rachiotis, president of the Hellenic Union of Progressive Lawyers, Greece
Larissa Ramina, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Vanessa Ramos, President of American Association of Jurist, Puerto Rico
Prof. Tatiana Ribeiro de Souza, Dr. iur., Professor of Constitutional Law and Human Rights at UFOP, lawyer, TV Presenter, Brazil
Susan Riva Enteen, member of National Lawyers Guild, United States
Hernán Rivadeneira, American Association of Jurists Executive Committee
Pierre Robert, lawyer, Kompaso avocats, Belgium
Matthew Robson, lawyer, former Minister for Courts, Minister of Corrections and Disarmament, Minister for Land Information, Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs, International Association Of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA), New Zealand
Hugo Roxo, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Prof. Rafael Sales Pimenta, Dr. iur., Professor of Civil Law, Instituto Doctum de Educação e Technologia, Brazil
Sara Mercês dos Santos, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Jun Sasamoto, lawyer, Secretary General of the Confederation of Lawyers of Asia and the Pacific (COLAP), Japan.
Gilbert Saucedo, Esq. attorney at law in Los Angeles, United States
Micòl Savia, lawyer, Permanent Representative of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland/Italy
J.D.Martha L. Schmidt, LL.M., National Lawyers Guild, United States
RA Thomas Schmidt, Rechtsanwalt, secretary general of European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights, Germany
Ann Schneider, attorney, member of National Lawyers Guild, United States
Ray Schumann, anti-harassment attorney, United States
MLaw, Eva Schürmann, Advokatin, Basel, Switzerland
Susan Scott, National Lawyers Guild International Committee Steering Committee,
Human Rights/Housing Attorney, Inverness, California United States
Natali Segovia, Esq., Human Rights Attorney, Chair, NLG Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Committee and Co-Chair NLG Colombia subcommittee, United States
J.D.Azadeh Shahshahani, Master’s in Modern Middle Eastern and North African Studies, Legal and Advocacy Director, Project South, former president of the National Lawyers Guild, former article editor for The Michigan Journal of International Law, United States
Geoffrey D Shears, MA, LLB, Solicitor of the Senior Courts of England and Wales, Institute of Employment Rights; Centre for Labour and Social Studies; The Law Society, United Kingdom
Judy Somberg, attorney, National Lawyers Guild, United States
Barbara Spinelli, lawyer, European Association of Lawyers for Democracy and World Human Rights, Italy
Kilian Stein, (retired) judge, Germany
J.D.Mark Stern, attorney and mediator, member of the Labour and Employment Committee of the National Lawyers Guild, United States
lic. iur.Philip Stolkin, LLM, Rechtsanwalt, Zürich, Switzerland
Uri Strauss, attorney, United States
Dr. iur.Stephan A.S. Sünner, LL.M. Notary for the Federal State of Baden Würrtemberg, Germany
Prof. Dr. Juris MD, Aslak Syse, Professor of Public Law, University of Oslo, Norway
lic. iur.Birgitt Tambiah, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland
Valeska Teixeira Zanin Martins, lawyer, Former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s Attorney, Executive Committee of Lawfare Institute (London), Member of the Human Rights Committee of the Lawyers Institute of São Paulo (IASP), Member of the International Bar Association, Teixeira, Martins & Advogados LLP (São Paulo), Brazil
Prof.dr. Andraž Teršek, Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Primorska and New University, Slovenia
Giovanni Tortieri, lawyer and legal correspondent, Brazil
Anjuli Tostes Faria Melo, Brazilian Association of Jurists for Democracy, ABJD, Brazil
Kellie Tranter, lawyer, human rights activist, Australia
Mag.Stefan Traxler, lawyer, Austria
Craig Tuck, human rights lawyer, transnational criminal justice specialist, Director of LawAid International, New Zealand
Serife Ceren Uysal, lawyer, Progressive Lawyers Association, CHD, Turkey
Yury Varlamov, lawyer & teacher of law at State Boarding School Intellectual Moscow, Russia
Prof.Pascale Vielle, Professor of Law at UCLouvain, founding member of Belgium4Assange, Belgium
Dr. iur.Fanny de Weck, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland
Prof. Cristiano Zanin Martins, lawyer, Former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva’s Attorney, Executive Committee of Lawfare Institute (London) Member of the Human Rights Committee of the Lawyers Institute of São Paulo (IASP) Member of the International Bar Associationm, Teixeira, Martins & Advogados LLP (São Paulo), Brazil
Prof. Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, Professor of Law, former Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order (2012 – 2018), United States
lic. iur.Magda Zihlmann, Rechtsanwältin, Switzerland
[i] The Central Intelligence Agency, The National Security Agency, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of State.
[ii] José María Irujo, ‘Director of Spanish security company that spied on Julian Assange arrested’, El País, (9 October 2019) available at:
https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/10/09/inenglish/1570606428_107946.html?ssm=FB_CC&fbclid=IwAR17P2T_kT7yB5JfCyNAj5Bnqcj5Ikw4-T1_JSQ6qR_Pb_YQcusMnbkKbC4.
[iii] Council of Bar and Law Societies of Europe (CCBE), CCBE Letter regarding the interception of communications between Julian Assange and his lawyers addressed to Ms. Priti Patel, 24 February 2020.
[iv] United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘UN expert on privacy seriously concerned by Ecuador’s behaviour in Assange and Moreno cases’, (23 May 2019),available at:
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24646&LangID=E.
[v] United Nations Model Extradition Treaty, Art. 3(f); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 14.
[vi] In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, United States v. Julian Paul Assange, 24 June 2020, available at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/wikileaks-founder-charged-superseding-indictment, supersedes the indictment In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division, United States v. Julian Paul Assange, 23 May 2019, available at: https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1165556/download.
[vii] David Sadoff, Bringing International Fugitives to Justice, (Cambridge University Press, 2016), p. 202.
[viii] For example, Mike Pompeo, U.S. Secretary of State and former CIA Director, 13 April 2017 ‘WikiLeaks walks like a hostile intelligence service and talks like a hostile intelligence service… And it overwhelmingly focuses on the United States, while seeking support from anti-democratic countries and organizations. It is time to call out WikiLeaks for what it really is – a non-state hostile intelligence service often abetted by state actors’
[ix] R. Stuart Phillips, ‘The Political Offence Exception and Terrorism: Its Place in the Current Extradition Scheme and Proposal for Its Future’, 15 Dickinson Journal of International Law, (1997) p. 342.
[x] Amnesty International, ‘U.S./UK: Drop charges and halt extradition of Julian Assange’, (21 February 2020), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/usuk-drop-charges-and-halt-extradition-of-julian-assange/.
[xi] ‘UN torture rapporteur: Julian Assange’s detention has no legal basis’, Going Underground, (30 November 2019), available at: https://www.rt.com/shows/going-underground/474719-un-torture-rapporteur-assange/.
[xii] Allard K. Lowenstein, The Darkest Corner: Special Administrative Measures and Extreme Isolation in the Federal Bureau of Prisons (International Human Rights Clinic; The Centre for Constitutional Rights, 2017).
[xiii] Report submitted by the Special Rapporteur on Torture, Mr. Theo van Boven, Civil and Political Rights in Particular Issues Related to Torture and Detention, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/137, 26 February 2002, para. 14, and Committee against Torture (CAT), General Comment No. 4: On the implementation of Article 3 of the Convention in the context of Article 20, advanced unedited version, 9 February 2018, para. 9. This paragraph states that “The principle of “non-refoulement” of persons to another State where there are substantial grounds for believing that they would be in danger of being subjected to torture is similarly absolute”.
[xiv] The term ‘Latin American tradition of asylum’ commonly refers to the catalogue of bilateral and multilateral treaties related to the legal institution of territorial and diplomatic asylum adopted for the benefit of politically persecuted persons in Latin America, including the non-extradition clause for political crimes or political motives.
[xv]Advisory Opinion OC-25/18 of 30 May 2018 requested by the Republic of Ecuador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACrtHR), (30 May 2018), available at:
https://www.refworld.org/cases,IACRTHR,5c87ec454.html, paras. 188-189; see also European Commission on Human Rights, W.M. v. Denmark, No. 17392/90. Decision on Admissibility of 14 October 1992, para. 1, and Human Rights Committee, Case of Mohammad Munaf v. Romania (Communication No. 1539/2006), UN Doc. CCPR/C/96/D/1539/2006, Views adopted on 21 August 2009, paras. 14.2 and 14.5.
[xvi] David Greene, at conference organised by GUE/NLG, European Union Left – Nordic Green Left, Journalism Is Not A Crime – The Assange Extradition Case, (14 November 2019), available at: https://web-guengl.streamovations.be/index.php/event/stream/journalism-is-not-a-crime-the-assange-extradition-case.
[xvii] Julian Assange should not be extradited due to potential impact on press freedom and concerns about ill-treatment, Commissioner for Human Rights for the Council of Europe (20 February 2020), available at: https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/julian-assange-should-not-be-extradited-due-to-potential-impact-on-press-freedom-and-concerns-about-ill-treatment.
[xviii] European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Goodwin v United Kingdom, para. 39.
[xix] Mohamed Elmaazi, ‘Assange Extradition: U.S. Government Claims Foreign Journalists Aren’t Protected by First Amendment’, Sputnik International (24 January 2020), available at: https://sputniknews.com/uk/202001231078116774-assange-extradition-us-government-claims-foreign-journalists-arent-protected-by-first-amendment-/; This was already previously hinted at by former CIA director Mike Pompeo who claimed that the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution should not apply to Mr. Assange at all, as he is not a U.S. citizen. Glenn Greenwald, ‘Trump’s CIA Director Pompeo, Targeting WikiLeaks, Explicitly Threatens Speech and Press Freedoms’, The Intercept (14 April 2017), available at: https://theintercept.com/2017/04/14/trumps-cia-director-pompeo-targeting-wikileaks-explicitly-threatens-speech-and-press-freedoms/.
[xx] Courage foundation, Briefing for the Council of Europe, ‘Why Opposing Julian Assange’s Extradition to the U.S. Matters for European Democracy’, (March 2019), available at: https://defend.wikileaks.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Council-of-Europe-briefing.pdf.
[xxi] Speak Up for Julian Assange: International journalist statement in defence of Julian Assange, available at: https://speak-up-for-assange.org/journalists-speak-up-for-julian-assange/.
[xxii] Amnesty International, ‘ U.S./UK: Drop charges and halt extradition of Julian Assange’, (21 February 2020), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/usuk-drop-charges-and-halt-extradition-of-julian-assange/.
[xxiii] Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, ‘Threats to Media Freedom and Journalists’ Security in Europe’, Resolution 2317 (2020), para. 6.2, available at: https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=28508&lang=en.
[xxiv] United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘UN expert says “collective persecution” of Julian Assange must end now, (31 May 2019)’, available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24665.
[xxv]Ibid.
[xxvi] ‘UN torture rapporteur: Julian Assange’s detention has no legal basis’, Going Underground, (30 November 2019), available at: https://www.rt.com/shows/going-underground/474719-un-torture-rapporteur-assange/.
[xxvii] United Nations Human Rights Council, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Opinion No. 54/2015 concerning Julian Assange (Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), A/HRC/WGAD/2015, (22 January 2016) available at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Detention/A.HRC.WGAD.2015.docx.
[xxviii] United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘United Kingdom: Working Group on Arbitrary Detention expresses concern about Assange proceedings’, (3 May 2019), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24552&LangID=E.
[xxix] Deborah Shipley, Criminal Litigation Practice and Procedure, (2019), p 56: “Although failing to answer bail at the police station is technically a criminal offence, it is very rare in practice for the police to charge a suspect with this offence.”
[xxx] Lizzie Dearden, ‘Julian Assange ‘too ill’ to attend latest court hearing in U.S. extradition case’, The Independent, (1 June 2020), available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/julian-assange-court-hearing-us-extradition-health-ill-sick-a9543126.html.
[xxxi] Open Letter to UK Home Secretary Priti Patel and Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott, (23 November 2019), available at: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/11/23/doctors-petition-uk-home-secretary-over-julian-assange/ and https://medium.com/@doctors4assange.
[xxxii] ‘UN torture rapporteur: Julian Assange’s detention has no legal basis’, Going Underground, (30 November 2019), available at: https://www.rt.com/shows/going-underground/474719-un-torture-rapporteur-assange/.
[xxxiii] John Shipton at GUE/NLG, European Union Left – Nordic Green Left, Journalism Is Not A Crime – The Assange Extradition Case, (14 November 2019), available at: https://web-guengl.streamovations.be/index.php/event/stream/journalism-is-not-a-crime-the-assange-extradition-case.
[xxxiv] United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, ‘UN expert on torture sounds alarm again that Julian Assange’s life may be at risk’, (1 November 2019), available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25249.
[xxxv] Open Letter to UK Home Secretary Priti Patel and Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott, (23 November 2019), available at: https://consortiumnews.com/2019/11/23/doctors-petition-uk-home-secretary-over-julian-assange/ and https://medium.com/@doctors4assange.
[xxxvi] Conrad Duncan, ‘Julian Assange: WikiLeaks founder ‘at high risk of suicide’ if extradited to U.S., hearing told’, The Independent (24 February 2020), available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/julian-assange-extradition-hearing-wikileaks-suicide-us-trump-a9356141.html.
[xxxvii] Frost S, Johnson L, Stein J, Frost W. End torture and medical neglect of Julian Assange. The Lancet. 2020 Mar 7; 395:e44–5. Hogan W, Frost S, Johnson L, Schulze T G, Nelson E A, Frost W. The ongoing torture and medical neglect of Julian Assange. The Lancet. 2020 Jul 4; 396:22-23.
[xxxviii] Matt Kennard and Mark Curtis, ‘Revealed: Chief magistrate in Assange case received financial benefits from secretive partner organisations of UK Foreign Office’ (21 February 2020), available at: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-02-21-revealed-chief-magistrate-in-assange-case-received-financial-benefits-from-secretive-partner-organisations-of-uk-foreign-office/.
[xxxix] Simon Murphy, ‘Assange branded a narcissist by judge who found him guilty’, The Guardian, (11 April 2019), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/apr/11/assange-branded-a-narcissist-by-judge-who-found-him-guilty.
[xl] Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Reference UA GBR 3/2019, 27 May 2019, Geneva, available at: https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24641, p. 8.
[xli] John Pilger, Talk given at Free the Truth conference, Novemer 2019, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DH0s8hGLS6A&feature=share&fbclid=IwAR1jD_2OQuuHAoBkpksctnHj0UGt-A05epeihobvjzmqryfu0zXi_Ux1qG8.
[xlii] Jack Peat, ‘Assange “struggles to say his own name” as he appears in curt’, The London Economic, (21 October 2019), available at: https://www.thelondoneconomic.com/politics/assange-struggles-to-say-his-own-name-as-he-appears-in-court/21/10/.
[xliii] Amnesty International, ‘UK: Amnesty International urges the UK to guarantee a fair extradition process to Julian Assange’ (27 February 2020), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/uk-amnesty-international-urges-the-uk-to-guarantee-a-fair-extradition-process-to-julian-assange/.
[xliv] International Bar Association, the global voice of the legal profession, ‘IBAHRI condemns UK treatment of Julian Assange in U.S. extradition trial’, (10 March 2020), available at: https://www.ibanet.org/Article/NewDetail.aspx?ArticleUid=c05c57ee-1fee-47dc-99f9-26824208a750.
[xlv]Ibid.
[xlvi] Lissa Johnson, ‘Psychological Torture, Coronavirus, and Julian Assange’, Concurrent Disorders, (2 April 2020) available at: https://concurrentdisorders.ca/2020/04/03/psychological-torture-coronavirus-and-julian-assange/.
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