Gut Microbes Might Reflect Health, Diet of Older Adults

FRIDAY, July 13 (HealthDay News) — The health of elderly people
appears closely linked with their diet and the type of microorganisms
living in their gut, suggesting that what you eat may affect how well you
age, according to new research.

“Our findings indicate that any two given older people, independent of
[their] starting health status and genetic makeup, could experience very
different rates of health loss upon aging due to dietary choices that
impact on their gut bacterial ecosystem,” said Paul O’Toole, senior author
of the study appearing July 13 in the journal Nature.

“You can think of [diet] as another controllable environmental factor
that we can act upon to promote healthier aging,” O’Toole added.

Numerous studies have indicated a link between the “microbiota” that
live in the human gut and health, including obesity and perhaps even brain
health. More recent studies have noted greater variation in the microbiota
of elderly people than younger people.

To study the potential meaning of this greater variation, these authors
looked at the gut microbiota of 178 elderly individuals (average age 78).
None was being treated with antibiotics, which can alter the composition
of your gut.

The researchers discovered that intestinal flora (microbes) varied
depending on where the participants lived and also with their health.

For instance, people living independently in the community had more
varied flora and were the healthiest.

On the other hand, people living in long-term, assisted-living
situations had less diverse flora and tended to be frailer.

The differences in flora were associated with differences in diet,
although it’s unclear if the diet was responsible for the number and type
of flora and health status or the other way around.

It does seem likely that it’s diet that ultimately determines a
person’s health status, the authors stated.

“The diet of older people changes quickly when they move from community
to long-term care (in a couple of weeks), but the microbiota changes more
slowly — up to a year for full change from community type to long-term
residential type,” O’Toole explained. “One would not expect that the rate
of heath decline in this time could be responsible for the change in
microbiota composition. It’s more plausible to be driven by diet.”

A September 2011 study in the journal Science found that people
who ate a diet high in fats and animal proteins had a different assortment
of bacteria in their digestive tracts than people who ate a diet with more
plant-based foods and higher carbohydrates.

Identifying exactly what lives in our guts could point to dietary
interventions that might lead to longer and healthier lives, authors of
the new study stated.

“To combat frailty, it makes sense if our microbiota is helping our
bodies to be as effective and efficient as possible,” said O’Toole, a
senior lecturer in genetics at University College Cork, in Ireland.

Gut microbiota synthesizes vitamins, helps metabolism and appears also
to profoundly affect how our immune systems work.

“[Some studies] have shown that gut bacteria can ‘talk’ to the brain by
synthesizing compounds that affect the brain-gut axis,” O’Toole said. “An
exciting theory is that altered gut bacteria in older subjects could
impact on cognitive function or mood.”

Gastroenterologist Dr. Ilseung Cho commented on the findings. “This is
one of the first studies that correlates differences in the gut microbiome
to disease in the elderly. It remains to be seen whether the observed
differences are a result or cause of infirmity in this particular
population,” said Cho, an assistant professor of medicine at NYU Langone
Medical Center, in New York City. “Regardless, these findings add to the
growing body of evidence that shows that the gut microbiome can affect
human health and disease at all stages of life,” Cho added.

Dr. David Bernstein, a gastroenterologist and chief of hepatology at
North Shore-LIJ Healthcare System, in Manhasset, N.Y., considers the
findings preliminary. “We know that there are millions or billions of
bacteria throughout the gut, and how we manipulate those certainly affects
health,” said Bernstein, who is also a professor of medicine at
Hofstra-North Shore LIJ School of Medicine.

“This is an important topic [but] it requires a lot more research,”
Bernstein said.

More information

The U.S. National Institutes of Health has more on human microbiota.

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